Design thinking como metodologia na elaboração de uma proposta de matriz curricular / Design thinking as a methodology in the elaboration of a curricular structure proposal

Resumo Introdução: A matriz curricular do curso de Medicina pode variar de acordo com o projeto pedagógico de curso (PPC) de cada instituição de ensino superior (IES). Nem sempre a visão da coordenação e do corpo docente do curso de Medicina está alinhada às opiniões dos alunos. Assim, a utilização de uma metodologia para identificar a visão do corpo discente seria fundamental. O design thinking (DT) é um processo que propõe a busca, de forma empática, colaborativa e criativa, de soluções para problemas complexos. Objetivo: Este estudo apresenta o DT como uma metodologia para identificar como os alunos do internato acreditam que deva ser a matriz curricular do primeiro ao quarto ano de um curso de Medicina no estado de São Paulo, e, para tanto, coletaram-se sugestões e pontos que exigiram a reavaliação na matriz original. Método: Realizou-se uma avaliação qualitativa com base no modelo do DT. Os alunos foram divididos em três grupos de cinco alunos, e cada grupo dedicou-se a discutir livremente sobre suas ideias acerca da matriz curricular. Posteriormente, apresentou-se um painel para cada grupo com a separação dos semestres correspondentes - do primeiro ao quarto ano - com post-it representando a matriz curricular vigente do curso de Medicina, e cada grupo teve uma hora para remontar a matriz curricular da maneira que julgasse mais adequado. Resultado: Após a fase de discussão, cada grupo montou sua matriz curricular, e propuseram-se algumas mudanças do ano em que a disciplina era ministrada e a inclusão de algumas matérias. A maioria das sugestões foi julgada procedente e incorporada na matriz curricular. Conclusão: A metodologia do DT contribuiu para a identificação de várias demandas acerca da matriz curricular de uma forma ordenada, empática e colaborativa, levando em consideração a opinião do estudante, sendo, portanto, uma estratégia de planejamento capaz de evidenciar fragilidades e fortalezas do currículo que talvez não fossem percebidas por outras estratégias.

Abstract Introduction: The medical school curricular structure may vary according to the educational planning of each higher education institution (HEI). The viewpoint of the coordination and the medical school faculty is not always aligned with the students' opinions. Thus, using a methodology to identify the students' point of view would be essential. Design thinking (DT) is a process that proposes a search, in an empathetic, collaborative, and creative way, for solutions to complex problems. Objectives: To present DT as a methodology to identify how clinical internship students believe the curricular structure from the 1st to the 4th year of a São Paulo state medical school should be, by collecting suggestions and points that require a re-evaluation process of the current curricular structure. Methods: This is a qualitative assessment, which will use the DT model. Students were divided into three groups of five, and each group was committed to having a free discussion on its ideas concerning the curricular structure. Then, a panel was presented to each group, dividing the semesters from the 1st to the 4th year with post-it notes representing the current curricular structure of the medical school, and each group had one hour to reassemble the curricular structure as they deemed appropriate. Results: After the discussion stage, each group assembled its curricular structure. Some changes concerning the year in which the discipline was provided were proposed, and the inclusion of others. Most of the suggestions were considered valid and were incorporated into the curriculum. Conclusions: The DT methodology contributed to the identification of several demands regarding the curricular structure in an orderly, empathetic, and collaborative way, taking into account the students' opinions. It is, therefore, a planning strategy able to evidence weaknesses and strengths of the curriculum that might not have been noticed by the use of other strategies.

Sialendoscopy for treatment of major salivary glands diseases: a comprehensive analysis of published systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Abstract Objectives: Sialendoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat obstructive salivary gland diseases. Previous studies in the topic have shown mixed results. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sialendoscopy through previous systematic reviews for different outcomes of several diseases. We also aimed to assess studies' methodological quality and heterogeneity. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive systematic literature search of Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs and Cochrane Library. We included systematic reviews and meta-analyses that used sialendoscopy to treat both lithiasic and alithiasic salivary glands diseases. Data extraction included studies' characteristics and results. We assessed studies' methodological quality using the AMSTAR-2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2) tool. Results: 13 studies were included in the review, being 9 in adult populations and 4 in pediatric populations. Sialendoscopy proved to be effective at the treatment of different lithiasic and other obstructive diseases, but with important heterogeneity. The technique was also considered highly safe in most studies. However, studies had a critically low quality of evidence. Conclusions: Most studies demonstrated high efficacy and safety of sialendoscopy, but with critically low quality of evidence. We still lack randomized studies in this field, and future systematic reviews on the topic should follow current guidelines to improve conduction and reporting.

Dermatofibrossarcoma na glabela: Uma localização incomum / Dermatofibrosarcoma in glabella: An uncommon location

O dermatofibrossarcoma é um câncer raro que apresenta padrão de crescimento lento e invasão tecidual agressiva. O tratamento para esta condição envolve intervenção cirúrgica com o objetivo de obter margens livres. Neste caso particular, temos um homem de 60 anos que apresentava uma massa na região da glabela que foi extirpada duas vezes sob anestesia local em outro serviço. Os resultados de ambas as biópsias indicaram dermatofibroma. No entanto, o paciente apresentou nova recidiva, que durante a análise imuno-histoquímica da excisão inicial revelou tratar-se de dermatofibrossarcoma. Como resultado, uma ampla excisão foi realizada até que margens negativas fossem obtidas ao exame de congelação. Além disso, um retalho frontal foi empregado no procedimento para reconstrução do defeito cirúrgico. O resultado do tratamento foi considerado bem-sucedido, sem complicações.

Dermatofibrosarcoma is a rare cancer with a slow growth pattern and aggressive tissue invasion. The treatment for this condition involves surgical intervention to achieve clear margins. In this particular case, we have a 60-year-old man who had a mass in the glabella area that was excised twice under local anesthesia at a different facility. The results of both biopsies indicated dermatofibroma. However, the patient experienced a new recurrence, and during the immunohistochemistry analysis of the initial excision, it was revealed to be dermatofibrosarcoma. As a result, a broad excision was performed until negative margins were obtained based on frozen sections. Additionally, a frontal flap was employed to reconstruct the surgical defect. The outcome of the treatment was deemed successful, without complications.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Brazilian Head and Neck Surgery Centers

Abstract Objective The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic had a considerable impact on the healthcare access, treatment, and follow-up of oncologic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected consultation and follow-up demand as well as treatment volume at Brazilian Head and Neck Surgery centers. Methods An anonymous online questionnaire was used for collection of data across all Brazilian Head and Neck Surgery Centers across a 3-month period (April‒June 2021). This information included the characteristics of each center, and the perceived self-reported impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on academic activities, residency training, and the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with Head and Neck diseases between 2019 and 2020. Results The response rate across the 40 registered Brazilian Head and Neck Surgery Centers was 47.5% (n = 19). The data showed a significant reduction in the total number of consultations (24.8%) and number of attending patients (20.2%) between 2019 and 2020. The total number of diagnostic exams (31.6%) and surgical procedures (13.0%) conducted over this period also decreased significantly. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant national impact on Brazilian Head and Neck Surgery Centers. Future studies should examine the long-term effects of the pandemic on cancer treatment. Level of evidence Evidence from a single descriptive study.

Risk Factors for Malignancy in Patients with Multinodular Goiter

Abstract Introduction The identification of thyroid cancer may be conducted through clinical detection, imaging method, and histopathological examination. Both solitary nodules and multinodular goiter are associated with malignancy. Objective To assess the risk factors for malignancy among patients with multinodular goiter submitted to total thyroidectomy. Methods A series of 712 consecutive patients, submitted to total thyroidectomy between 2005 and 2016 with multinodular goiter regarding clinical, ultrasound, and pathological variables, was retrospectively evaluated. Results There were 408 cases of papillary carcinoma (57.3%), with the remaining being benign. Gender had no statistical significance (p = 0.169) for malignancy, unlike the Bethesda index, higher age group (p = 0.005), shorter clinical history time (p = 0.036), smaller number of nodules (p < 0.0001), and smaller nodule size (p < 0.0001), which were related to malignancy. Conclusion The Bethesda index, older age group, shorter clinical history, smaller number of nodules, and smaller size of nodule were related to the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma.

Nutritional and immunological parameters as prognostic factors in patients with advanced oral cancer

Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze the prognostic relationship of weight loss and preoperative hematological indexes in patients surgically treated for pT4a squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Methods: A retrospective cohort study. Results: Percent weight loss greater than 10% was identified in 49 patients (28.2%), and any weight loss in relation to the usual weight occurred in 140 patients (78.7%). Percent weight loss greater than 10% (HR = 1.679), Red cell distribution width (RDW) values greater than 14.3% (HR = 2.210) and extracapsular spread (HR = 1.677) were independent variables associated with risk of death. Conclusion: Patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity present significant weight loss and as significantly immunocompromised. Increased values of RDW and higher percentages of weight loss in relation to the individual's usual weight, together with extracapsular spread of metastatic lymph nodes, were risk factors for lower survival, regardless of other clinical and anatomopathological characteristics. Level of evidence: 3.

The impact of sentinel lymph node biopsy on the quality of life in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma / Impacto da biópsia do linfonodo sentinela na qualidade de vida em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular da cavidade oral

Abstract Introduction Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a proven method for staging the neck in patients with early oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma because it results in less comorbidity than the traditional method of selective neck dissection, with the same oncological results. However, the real effect of that method on the quality of life of such patients remains unknown. Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of life of patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma T1/T2N0 submitted to sentinel lymph node biopsy compared to those that received selective neck dissection. Methods Cross-sectional study including 24 patients, after a 36 month follow-up, 15 of them submitted to the sentinel lymph node biopsy and 9 to selective neck dissection. All patients answered the University of Washington quality of life questionnaire. Results The evaluation of the questionnaires showed a late worsening of the domains appearance (p = 0.035) and chewing (p = 0.041), as well as a decrease of about 10% of general quality of life (p = 0.025) in patients undergoing selective neck dissection ​​in comparison to those undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy. Conclusion Patients with early-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy presented better late results of general quality of life, mainly regarding appearance and chewing, when compared to patients submitted to selective neck dissection.

Resumo Introdução A biópsia de linfonodo sentinela é um método comprovado para estadiamento cervical em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular inicial da cavidade oral, porque apresenta menor taxa de morbidade do que o método tradicional de esvaziamento cervical seletivo, com os mesmos resultados oncológicos. Porém, o verdadeiro efeito desse método na qualidade de vida desses pacientes permanece desconhecido. Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de cavidade oral T1/T2N0 submetidos a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela em comparação aos pacientes nos quais o esvaziamento cervical seletivo foi feito. Método Estudo transversal que incluiu 24 pacientes, após 36 meses de seguimento, dos quais 15 foram submetidos a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela e nove a esvaziamento cervical seletivo. Todos os pacientes responderam ao questionário de qualidade de vida da University of Washington. Resultados A avaliação dos questionários evidenciou pioria tardia dos domínios aparência (p = 0,035) e mastigação (p = 0,041), bem como diminuição de cerca de 10% da qualidade de vida geral (p = 0,025) nos pacientes submetidos a esvaziamento cervical seletivo em comparação com aqueles submetidos a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela. Conclusão Pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de cavidade oral em estágio inicial submetidos a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela apresentaram melhores resultados tardios de qualidade de vida geral, principalmente quanto à aparência e à mastigação, quando comparados aos pacientes submetidos a esvaziamento cervical seletivo.

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma in minor salivary gland

ABSTRACT Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma is a rare neoplasm usually confused with other neoplasms in the salivary glands region. It has great similarity with the breast carcinoma. We report a case of a patient who presented with gingival submucosal bleeding and lesion, with the initial histopathological examination revealing salivary gland neoplasm of low crane. Computed tomography revealed the lesion near the tooth 27, with extension to the floor of the left maxillary sinus and to the palate mucosa. Resection of the infra-structure was performed, with a diagnosis of breast cancer secretory carcinoma in the minor salivary gland.

Neck recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma / Recidiva cervical no carcinoma papilífero da tireoide

ABSTRACT Introduction: papillary thyroid carcinoma is a tumor with good prognosis. However, some patients treated present neck recurrence. Objective: to evaluate the risk factors for neck recurrence. Methods: a retrospective study enrolled 89 patients (68 women and 21 men) diagnosed with papillary carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy. In 21 patients, neck dissection was performed and 62 patients underwent radioiodinetherapy. Twelve patients relapsed with metastasis in this period with an average of 3.6 years. Results: out of 89 patients, 76.4% were female. Relapse occurred in nine (13.23%) women and three (14.28%) men. The average age of the patients was 44 years in the control group and in patients with relapsed. Eighteen patients (23.37%) in the control group and eight (64.28%) who relapsed had positive lymph nodes at initial diagnosis. The tumor size was significantly larger in the group of patients with cervical recurrence (3.3cm vs. 1.6cm - p=0.008, Student t test), whereas the presence of metastatic lymph nodes at the moment of the first operation was also significant (p=0.004 -Fisher exact test). The tumor size was an independent risk factor for recurrence at the multivariate anaylsis (OR=2.4, IC95%:1.3-4.6 - p=0,007, logistic regression). Conclusion: there is an increase in the risk of lymph node recurrence during the follow up of 2.4 folds for each increase of 1cm in the longer nodule diameter.

RESUMO Introdução: o carcinoma papilífero da tireoide é um tumor com bom prognóstico. Entretanto, alguns pacientes tratados evoluem com recidiva cervical. Objetivo: avaliar os fatores de risco para recidiva cervical. Métodos: um estudo retrospectivo arrolou 89 pacientes (68 mulheres e 21 homens) diagnosticados com carcinoma papilífero, submetidos à tireoidectomia total. Em 21 pacientes, realizou esvaziamento cervical e, em 62, radioiodoterapia. Doze pacientes apresentaram recorrência linfonodal no período, com media de 3,6 anos. Resultados: dos 89 pacientes, 76,4% eram mulheres. A falha ocorreu em nove mulheres (13,23%) e três homens (14,28%). A média etária tanto dos pacientes recidivados como do grupo-controle foi de 44 anos. Dezoito pacientes (23,37%) no grupo-controle e oito (64,28%) dentre os que recidivaram tinham linfonodos positivos ao diagnóstico inicial. O tamanho tumoral foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes que apresentaram recidiva cervical (3,3 cm vs. 1,6cm - p=0,008, teste t de Student), o mesmo foi observado para a presença de linfonodos metastáticos quando da primeira cirurgia (p=0,004 - teste exato de Fisher). À análise multivariada, o tamanho tumoral foi fator de risco independente de recidiva (OR=2,4, IC95%:1,3-4,6 - p=0,007, regressão logística. Conclusão: para cada aumento de 1cm no maior diâmetro da lesão, há um aumento de 2,4 vezes no risco de recidiva linfonodal ao longo do acompanhamento.

Effectiveness of harmonic scalpel in patients submitted to total thyroidectomy: systematic review with meta-analysis

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the harmonic scalpel compared to the conventional technique in patients submitted to total thyroidectomy. METHOD: This is a systematic review with inclusion of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared both techniques. An electronic search was carried out in the Medline and Lilacs databases until June 2017. The outcomes analysed were operation time, intraoperative bleeding, surgical morbidity, and costs. RESULTS: Data from 31 primary studies were included. The use of the harmonic scalpel correlates to a shorter operation time (p <0.001) and a lower volume of intraoperative bleeding (p <0.001). There were no differences in the risk of transient (p = 0.53) and permanent (p = 0.70) hypocalcaemia, transient (p = 0.61) and permanent (p = 0.50) dysfunctions of the inferior laryngeal nerve and hematoma (p = 0.14). CONCLUSION: Total thyroidectomy using a harmonic scalpel is effective and safe compared to the conventional technique.

Translation and adaptation of the Radiotherapy Edema Rating Scale to Brazilian Portuguese / Tradução e adaptação para o português brasileiro da Escala de Classificação do Edema da Radioterapia

Abstract Introduction: Internal lymphedema is one of the sequelae of head and neck cancer treatment that can lead to varying degrees of swallowing, speech, and respiration alterations. The Radiotherapy Edema Rating Scale, developed by Patterson et al., is a tool used to evaluate pharyngeal and laryngeal edema. Objective: To translate into Brazilian Portuguese, to culturally adapt and test this scale in patients undergoing treatment for head and neck cancer. Methods: The process followed the international guidelines and translation steps by two head and neck surgeons and back-translation performed independently by two North-American natives. The final version of the test was evaluated based on the assessment of 18 patients by two head and neck surgeons and two speech therapists using the scales in Brazilian Portuguese. Results: The translation and cultural adaptation were satisfactorily performed by the members of the committee in charge. Conclusion: The translation and adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese of the Radiotherapy Edema Rating Scale was successfully performed and showed to be easy to apply.

Resumo Introdução: O linfedema interno é uma das sequelas do tratamento para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço, pode levar a alterações de grau variado na deglutição, voz e respiração. A Escala do Edema da Radioterapia (Radiotherapy Edema Rating Scale), elaborada por Patterson et al., é uma ferramenta de avaliação do edema de faringe e laringe. Objetivo: Traduzir, para o português brasileiro, adaptar culturalmente e testar essa escala em pacientes submetidos ao tratamento para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Método: O processo seguiu as diretrizes internacionais e as etapas de tradução por dois cirurgiões de cabeça e pescoço e a retrotradução de forma independente por dois nativos norte-americanos. O teste da versão final para avaliação foi realizado a partir da avaliação de 18 pacientes por dois médicos cirurgiões de cabeça e pescoço e duas fonoaudiólogas por meio da aplicação das escalas em português. Resultados: A tradução e a adaptação cultural foram executadas satisfatoriamente pelos membros do comitê responsável. Conclusão: A tradução e adaptação da Escala do Edema da Radioterapia para o português foi bem-sucedida e de fácil aplicação.

Oncological results of surgical treatment versus organ-function preservation in larynx and hypopharynx câncer / Resultado oncológico de tratamento cirúrgico versus protocolo de preservação de órgão em câncer de laringe e hipofaringe

Summary Introduction: Since the beginning of the 1990s, non-surgical radiochemotherapy treatment has become popular with the prospect of maintaining oncological results and preserving the organ in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. However, subsequent studies demonstrated increased recurrence and mortality after the non-surgical treatment became popular. Objective: To compare the oncological results of surgical and non-surgical treatments of patients with larynx and hypopharynx cancer and to evaluate the variables associated with disease recurrence. Method: This is a retrospective cohort study of 134 patients undergoing surgical (total or partial laryngectomy) or non-surgical (isolated radiotherapy, chemotherapy or induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy) treatment, with 62 patients in the surgical group and 72 in the non-surgical group. Results: Disease-free survival rates were higher in the surgical group (81.7% vs. 62.2%; p=0.028), especially in III/IV stages (p=0.018), locally advanced tumors T3 and T4a (p=0.021) and N0/N1 cases (p=0.005). The presence of cervical lymph nodes, especially N2/N3, was considered a risk factor for disease recurrence in both groups (HR=11.82; 95CI 3.42-40.88; p<0.0001). Patients not undergoing surgical treatment were 3.8 times more likely to develop recurrence (HR=3.76; 95CI 1.27-11.14; p=0.039). Conclusion: Patients with larynx or hypopharynx cancer non-surgically treated had a poorer disease-free survival, especially in cases with locally advanced tumors (T3 and T4a) and in which the neck was only slightly affected (N0/N1).

Resumo Introdução: A partir de estudos do início dos anos 1990, popularizou-se o tratamento não cirúrgico com radioquimioterapia, com a perspectiva de manutenção do resultado oncológico e preservação do órgão em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular avançado de laringe e hipofaringe. Entretanto, estudos posteriores demonstraram aumento da recorrência e da mortalidade com a difusão do tratamento não cirúrgico. Objetivo: Comparar o resultado oncológico dos tratamentos cirúrgico e não cirúrgico de pacientes com câncer de laringe e hipofaringe e avaliar as variáveis associadas à recidiva de doença. Método: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico (laringectomia total ou parcial) e não cirúrgico (radioterapia isolada, radioterapia concomitante a quimioterapia ou quimioterapia de indução seguida de radioterapia e quimioterapia) de 134 pacientes, sendo 62 no grupo cirúrgico e 72 no não cirúrgico. Resultados: As taxas de sobrevivência livre de doença foram maiores no grupo cirúrgico (81,7% vs. 62,2%; p=0,028), principalmente em estádios III/IV (p=0,018), tumores localmente avançados T3 e T4a (p=0,021) e casos N0/N1 (p=0,005). A presença de linfonodos cervicais, principalmente N2/N3, foi considerada fator de risco para recidiva de doença nos dois grupos (HR=11,82; IC95% 3,42-40,88; p<0,0001). Pacientes não submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico apresentaram 3,8 vezes mais chance de desenvolvimento de recidiva (HR=3,76; IC95% 1,27-11,14; p=0,017). Conclusão: Pacientes com câncer de laringe ou hipofaringe tratados de forma não cirúrgica tiveram menor sobrevivência livre de doença, especialmente nos tumores localmente avançados (T3 e T4a) e com pescoço pouco comprometido (N0/N1).

Translation and adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Lymphedema Rating Scale in Head and Neck Cancer / Tradução e adaptação para o português brasileiro da Lymphedema Rating Scale in Head and Neck Cancer

ABSTRACT Objective: Translate to brazilian portuguese, culturally adapt and test the rating and classification scales of cervicofacial lymphedema of the MD Anderson Cancer Center Head and Neck Lymphedema Protocol (MDACC HNL) in patients undergoing treatment for head and neck cancer. Methods: The process followed international guidelines and translation stages by two head and neck surgeons, and back translation independently by two native Americans. The test of final version was based on the evaluation of 18 patients by one speech pathologist and one physical therapist who applied the scales in Portuguese. Results: The translation of the three scales was carried out independently and the translators reached a consensus for the final version. Minor modifications were made by translating two terms into the Assessment of the Face. Versions of back-translation were similar to each other. The instrument was successfully applied to patients independently. Conclusion: The translation and cultural adaptation of the assessment and rating scale of the cervicofacial lymphedema of the MD Anderson Cancer Center Head and Neck Lymphedema Protocol to the Brazilian Portuguese were successful.

RESUMO Objetivo: Traduzir, para o português brasileiro, adaptar culturalmente e testar as escalas de avaliação e classificação do linfedema cérvico-facial do MD Anderson Cancer Center Head and Neck Lymphedema Protocol (MDACC HNL) em pacientes submetidos ao tratamento para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Métodos: O processo seguiu as diretrizes internacionais e as etapas de tradução por dois cirurgiões de cabeça e pescoço, além de retrotradução de forma independente por dois nativos norte-americanos. O teste da versão final foi realizado a partir da avaliação de 18 pacientes por um fonoaudiólogo e um fisioterapeuta, por meio da aplicação das escalas em português. Resultados: A tradução das três escalas foi realizada de forma independente, e os tradutores chegaram a um consenso para a versão final. Foram feitas pequenas modificações, ao serem traduzidos dois termos em Assessment of the Face . As versões da retrotradução foram semelhantes entre si. O instrumento foi aplicado com sucesso nos pacientes de forma independente. Conclusão: A tradução e a adaptação das escalas de avaliação e classificação do linfedema cérvico-facial do MD Anderson Cancer Center Head and Neck Lymphedema protocol para o português foram bem sucedidas.

Single transverse extended incision for radical neck dissection / Esvaziamento cervical radical por incisão transversa única estendida

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the efficacy of the single transverse extended cervical incision in radical neck dissection. Method: we conducted a prospective study, from January 2008 to January 2009, with 18 patients undergoing surgical treatment of malignant tumors of the upper aero-digestive tract. The primary lesion was located in the oral cavity in eight cases, in the oropharynx in three, in the hypopharynx in three, in the larynx in two, in the maxillary sinus, and in one case, the primary injury was hidden. There were 29 neck dissections, eight bilateral and 10 unilateral (26 radical and three selective). Staging revealed nine patients with T4 tumor, one T3, six T2, one T1 and one Tx. Five patients were N0, nine N2b, one N2c and three N3. The average number of dissected lymph nodes was 34.25. We performed the neck dissection through a single incision located in the middle neck, coincident with the skinfold, with a length of about 2 to 3 cm behind the anterior edge of the trapezius muscle and 3 to 4 cm from the midline for the unilateral neck dissections. Results: as complications, there were myocutaneous flap necrosis in one patient with prior radiation therapy, one lymphatic fistula, one dehiscence of the tracheostomy, one cervical abscess, one salivary fistula and one suture dehiscence. Conclusions: the single extended incision provides adequate exposure of the neck structures, without compromising surgical time, even in bilateral dissections. It does not compromise the resection of all cervical lymph nodes; it has excellent aesthetic and functional results and is easily associated with other approaches to resection of the primary tumor.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a eficácia da incisão cervical única, transversa e estendida, para o esvaziamento cervical radical. Método: estudo prospectivo, de janeiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2009, de 18 pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de tumores malignos da via aero-digestiva superior. A lesão primária se situava na cavidade oral em oito casos, na orofaringe em três, no seio piriforme em três, na laringe em dois, no seio maxilar em um e em um caso a lesão primária era oculta. Houve 29 esvaziamentos, sendo oito bilaterais e 10 unilaterais (26 radicais e três seletivos). O estadiamento revelou nove pacientes com tumor T4, um T3, seis T2, um T1 e um Tx. Cinco pacientes eram N0, nove N2b, um N2c e três N3. A média de linfonodos dissecados foi de 34,25. O esvaziamento cervical foi realizado por meio de uma única incisão localizada no terço médio do pescoço, coincidente com dobra cutânea, com extensão de cerca de 2 a 3 cm para trás da borda anterior do músculo trapézio e 3 a 4 cm da linha média para os esvaziamentos cervicais unilaterais. Resultados: como complicações houve necrose de retalho miocutâneo em um paciente com radioterapia prévia, uma fistula linfática, uma deiscência do traqueostoma, um abscesso cervical, uma fístula salivar e uma deiscência de sutura. Conclusões: a incisão única e estendida proporciona exposição adequada das estruturas do pescoço, sem comprometer o tempo cirúrgico, mesmo em esvaziamentos bilaterais. Não compromete a ressecção de todos os linfonodos cervicais, apresenta excelentes resultados estéticos e funcionais e é facilmente associada com outras abordagens para ressecção do tumor primário.

Impact of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancer / Impacto da demora no diagnóstico e tratamento no câncer de cabeça e pescoço

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Head and neck tumors can be easily recognized through clinical evaluation. However, they are often diagnosed at advanced stages. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the delay from the patient's initial symptoms to the definitive treatment. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients enrolled in 2011 and 2012. A questionnaire was filled in about socioeconomic aspects, patient history, tumor data, professionals who evaluated the patients, and the respective time delays. RESULTS: The following time delay medians were observed: ten months between symptom onset and the first consultation; four weeks between the latter and the first consultation with a specialist; four weeks between the specialist consultation and diagnosis attainment; and 12 weeks between diagnosis and the start of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Most head and neck tumors are diagnosed at advanced stages, due to patient and health care factors.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Apesar de poderem ser facilmente reconhecidos ao exame clínico, os tumores de cabeça e pescoço são, muitas vezes, diagnosticados em estadiamento avançado. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a demora entre o surgimento dos sintomas iniciais do paciente e seu encaminhamento para o tratamento definitivo. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes arrolados em 2011 e 2012. Foi preenchido questionário sobre fatores sócio-econômicos, antecedentes, dados do tumor, profissionais que avaliaram os pacientes e respectivos períodos de demora. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas as seguintes medianas de tempo de demora: 10 meses entre o início dos sintomas e o primeiro atendimento; 4 semanas entre este e a primeira consulta com o especialista; 4 semanas entre esta e o estabelecimento do diagnóstico; e 12 semanas entre este e o início do tratamento. CONCLUSÕES: A maior parte dos cânceres de cabeça e pescoço é diagnosticada em estádios avançados, por fatores relacionados aos pacientes e à atenção à saúde.

Extracranial neurogenic tumors of the head and neck, / Tumores neurogênicos extracranianos na cabeça e pescoço

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Peripheric nerve tumors typically derive from Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve sheet. Since these tumors are uncommon, they should be considered in preoperative differential diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To report the experience of a tertiary care department. METHODS: Forty-two patients with head and neck peripheral neurogenic tumors were retrospectively analyzed and evaluated from 1977 to 2013. The preoperative diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy or imaging study. RESULTS: The mean age was 41.7 and 15 patients (36%) were male. The mean size was 5.5 cm and 26 (61%) were located laterally in the neck. Most tumors (39.9%) presented as an asymptomatic neck mass. Most (39.9%) were resected through a neck approach. Cranial nerves were the commonest site of origin. CONCLUSIONS: Extracranial neurogenic tumors presented with a mean size of 5.5 cm, were located laterally in the neck, normally had their origin from cranial nerves, and their resection approach is cervical.

Resumo INTRODUÇÃO: Tumores dos nervos periféricos tipicamente derivam das células de Schwann da bainha dos nervos periféricos. Por serem incomuns, devem ser lembrados no diagnóstico diferencial pré-operatório. OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência de serviço de referencia terciária. MÉTODO: De 1977 a 2013, 42 pacientes com tumores neurogênicos periféricos da cabeça e pescoço foram operados e analisados retrospectivamente. A confirmação diagnóstica pré-operatória deu-se por biópsia ou método de imagem. RESULTADOS: A média da idade foi de 41,7 anos, sendo 15 indivíduos (36%) do gênero masculino. O tamanho médio foi de 5,5 cm e 26 (61%) localizavam-se na face lateral do pescoço. A maior parte (39,9%) apresentou-se como tumor palpável assintomático. A maioria (39,9%) foi ressecadapor acesso cervical. A maioria originou-se de nervos cranianos. CONCLUSÕES: Tumores neurogênicos extracranianos apresentam-se com tamanho médio de 5,5 cm, na face lateral do pescoço, costumam originar-se de nervos cranianos e ser ressecados por via cervical.

Prevalence of alterations in chest computerized tomography in patients with head and neck cancer / Prevalência das alterações em tomografias computadorizadas de tórax em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço

Objective: to assess the prevalence of abnormalities found by computed tomography (CT) of the chest in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Methods: we retrospectively analyzed chest CT exams of 209 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The CT findings were stratified as inflammatory / infectious, parenchymal, nodular uncharacteristic and nodular metastatic / tumoral Results: alterations were diagnosed in 66.6% of patients. Of these, 25.3% represented emphysema; 18.8%, uncharacteristic micronodules; 12.9%, metastases; 11.9%, thoracic lymph node enlargements; and in 6.6% we detected active pulmonary tuberculosis or its sequelae, pneumonia or inflammatory / infectious signs and pleural thickening or effusion. Conclusion: the prevalence of exams with alterations and the considerable rate of detected metastases indicate that chest CT should be required for diagnostic and / or staging in cases of head and neck cancer.

Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência de alterações encontradas na tomografia computadorizada (TC) de tórax em pacientes com carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço. Métodos: Foram analisadas retrospectivamente 209 TC de tórax de pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço. As alterações tomográficas foram estratificadas como: inflamatórias/infecciosas, parenquimatosas, nodulares incaracterísticas e nodulares metastáticas/tumorais Resultados: foram diagnosticadas alterações em 66,6 % dos exames. Destes, 25,3% representaram enfisema pulmonar; 18,8% micronódulos incaracterísticos; 12,9% metástases; 11,9% de linfonodomegalias torácicas; e, em 6,6%, foram detectadas tuberculose pulmonar ativa ou sequela, pneumonia ou sinais inflamatórios/infecciosos e espessamento ou derrame pleural. Conclusão: a prevalência de exames com alteração e o considerável índice de metástases detectadas, indicam que a TC de tórax deve ser solicitada para complementação diagnóstica e/ou estadiamento nos casos de câncer de cabeça e pescoço.

Review of survival rates 20-years after conservative surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma / Revisão dos resultados de sobrevida a 20 anos da cirurgia conservadora no carcinoma papilífero da tireoide

INTRODUCTION: A less extensive thyroidectomy could be used for patients in the low risk group.OBJECTIVE: To perform a critical follow-up after lobectomy with isthmusectomy for the treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients with a single nodule limited to the periphery of the lobe.METHODS: Thirty-one patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma operated on till 1993 were selected. They had undergone lobectomy with isthmusectomy. This is a retrospective cohort study in which the oncological outcome (contralateral and regional recurrence) and the reoperation complications (recurrent nerve paralysis/paresis and hypoparathyroidism) were evaluated. Descriptive analysis was employed.RESULTS: In the last decade (2003-2013), 6 (20%) contralateral recurrences were observed in the remaining lobe and in 1 of these cases (3%), contralateral lymph node metastases were noted. A completion thyroidectomy plus lymphadenectomy was performed, without modification of global survival.CONCLUSION: Because of the rate of 20% of contralateral recurrence after a 20-year follow-up, we suggest modification of the surgical paradigm for total thyroidectomy as an initial therapy.

INTRODUÇÃO: Uma cirurgia menos extensa da glândula tireoide poderia ser utilizada em pacientes do grupo de baixo risco.OBJETIVO: Realizar seguimento crítico após hemitireoidectomia para tratamento do carcinoma papilífero de tireoide em casos de nódulo único limitado à periferia do lobo.MÉTODO: Foram selecionados 31 pacientes portadores de carcinoma papilífero de tireoide operados, até 1993, por lobectomia mais istmectomia. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de coorte sendo avaliados o resultado oncológico (recidiva contralateral e regional) e complicações de reoperação (paralisia/paresia de nervo recorrente e hipoparatireoidismo). Utilizou-se análise descritiva.RESULTADOS: Na última década, foram observados 6 (20%) casos de recidivas contralaterais (lobo remanescente) sendo que, em um caso, estava acompanhado de metástases linfonodais contralaterais (3%), sem impacto na sobrevida dos pacientes reoperados.CONCLUSÃO: A ocorrência de 20% de recidiva contralateral após uma média evolutiva de 20 anos sugere revisão do paradigma conservador para a totalização imediata da tireoidectomia.

Submandibular gland excision / Ressecção da glândula submandibular

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the value of fine needle aspiration and the rates of postoperative complications in patients undergoing resection of the submandibular gland. METHODS: we analyzed the records of patients treated with resection of the gland from January 1995 to December 2008. The data collected included age, gender, findings on clinical history, surgical procedure, results of fine needle aspiration (FNA), pathological diagnosis and complications. RESULTS: 117 patients were studied, aged 12-89 years (mean 48), 70 women and 47 men. Thirty-nine patients (33.3%) were affected by inflammatory diseases (28 patients with lithiasis), 70 had benign tumors, and malignant tumors, eight. Regarding FNA, the sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% and 100%, respectively. Nine patients (7.7%) had temporary paralysis of the marginal mandibular nerve and one had permanent paralysis. CONCLUSION: resection of the submandibular gland is a safe procedure, with low complication rates.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o valor da punção aspirativa por agulha fina e os índices de complicações pós-operatórias em pacientes submetidos à ressecção da glândula submandibular. MÉTODOS: foram analisados os prontuários de pacientes tratados com a ressecção da glândula, de janeiro de 1995 a dezembro de 2008. Os dados coletados foram: idade, sexo, achados na história clínica, procedimento cirúrgico, resultados da punção por aspiração com agulha fina (PAAF), diagnóstico anatomopatológico e complicações. RESULTADOS: foram estudados 117 pacientes, com idade variando de 12 a 89 anos (média, 48 anos), sendo 70 mulheres e 47 homens. Trinta e nove pacientes (33,3%) foram acometidos por doenças inflamatórias (28 pacientes com litíase), 70 tiveram tumores benignos e oito tumores malignos. A respeito da PAAF, a sensibilidade e especificidade foram de 85,7% e 100%, respectivamente. Nove pacientes (7,7%) tiveram paralisia temporária do nervo mandibular marginal e um apresentou paralisia definitiva. CONCLUSÃO: a ressecção da glândula submandibular é um procedimento seguro, com baixa taxa de complicações.

Delayed postoperative radiation therapy in local control of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth / Retardo da radioterapia pós-operatória no controle local do carcinoma epidermoide de língua e soalho de boca

Objective To evaluate the effect of time between surgery and postoperative radiation therapy on local recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Methods A total of 154 patients treated between 1996 and 2007 were selected considering local recurrence rate and time of the adjuvant radiotherapy. Results Local recurrence was diagnosed in 54 (35%) patients. Radiation therapy reduced the rate of local recurrences, although with no statistical significance. The time between surgery and initiation of postoperative radiotherapy did not significantly influence the risk of local recurrence in patients referred to adjuvant treatment (p=0.49). Conclusion In the presence of risk factors for local recurrence, a short delay in starting the adjuvant radiation therapy does not contraindicate its performance. .

Objetivo Avaliar o efeito do tempo entre o tratamento cirúrgico e a radioterapia pós-operatória nas recidivas locais do carcinoma epidermoide de língua e soalho da boca. Métodos Foram selecionados 154 pacientes tratados entre 1996 e 2007, considerando a frequência das recidivas locais e o tempo para início da radioterapia adjuvante. Resultados As recidivas locais foram diagnosticadas em 54 (35%) pacientes. A radioterapia reduziu a frequência de recidivas locais, embora sem significância estatística. O tempo entre a cirurgia e o início da radioterapia pós-operatória não influenciaram, de forma significante, no risco de recidivas locais entre o pacientes que tinham indicação de tratamento adjuvante (p=0,49). Conclusão Na presença de fatores de risco para recidiva local, um pequeno atraso no início da radioterapia adjuvante não contra-indica sua realização. .